I agree with chaos. I just updated my 'unexplainable clam predator' post, upon the finding of a 2" stone crab last night. I lost 3 clams in 3 nights, all of which had been growing very well for at least a few months; I have 3 vhos and 175mh on a 40breeder, feed DT's every other day, have a calcium reactor, and excellent water quality.
From looking at your 'after' picture, there looks to be a gelatinous blob on the right edge of the shell. This could be a trick of the camera, but if it is some sort of blob, containing mucous and partially decomposed clam flesh, I think you have a large bristle worm somewhere. I haven't actually viewed worm predation in my own tank, but from what I hear from friends and other sources, usually a worm leaves this sort of trademark calling card after it sucks your clam up.
I might suggest getting a trap, or using one of the diy traps you can find in the archives. Even if you don't have a worm, it might ease your peace of mind. I REALLY don't think your clam would have died overnight without any sort of symptom, especially under my own very recent experiences.