A ballast converts your wall electricity to the proper wattage for the bulb that you are using. Aquaria lighting is nothing like the old incandescent bulbs that you just plug into the wall. Any florescent or HID (high intensity discharge) bulb needs to have a ballast in order to light up at all.
The ballast controls the amount of current flowing through the tube. The light itself is a 'negative resistance' device, so essentially it will draw as much current as it can. If you didn't have the ballast (plugged the lamp right into the wall) your circuit breaker / fuse would pop seconds after the light was attached.
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