Zeolites vs. Activated Carbon in Reef Aquaria. Let's talk science.

JPMagyar

New member
Thread Purpose: To determine the efficacy of using zeolites as an inexpensive and simple means to increase biological filtration in reef aquaria and thereby reduce ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite.



I recently purchased the Fauna Marin Ultra-Lith System and then went on to read the hundreds of pages of arguments that have raged with regards to zeolites as filter material, but this morning Mesocosm refered me to an article originally linked by Boomer.

In vitro Comparison of Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) and Activated Carbon as Ammonia Absorbants in Fish Culture



and I also read Jens Kallmeyer's article on


Zeolite Filters

And that's where my questions began. Could zeolites be used to make a cheap new super efficient filter? What I'd like to start is a not so much a general discussion as they seem to degrade into personal debates, but rather a compilation of serious scientific tests and references that might shed some light on the efficacy of zeolites as filter media in reef aquariums.


So I ask that posters either ask questions, offer means of testing, or share reference materials and other relevant information they have found, and avoid anecdotal information or opinions.


Items that seem to me to be of interest initially are:

1) Where can one find zeolitic materials for sale outside of aqauria stores? I understand that zeolitic materials are already heavily used in waste management and agriculture, and it would seem logical to me that cheap sources of such materials must exist which could siginificantly reduce the cost of experimenting with zeolites as filters.

2) What research has been done to validate the presence of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in zeolites currently offered on the market today, and furthermore what evidence exists to support the concept that "seeding" and "feeding" the bacterial colonies can speed and/or increase their growth?

3) Given the enormous amount of communal brain power on RC can't we as a community come up with some basic methods for testing zeolites at home?

So that's it. Is anyone else interested? Is there another thread that has gone down this road? Am I posing the wrong questions?

Here's to learning from my fellow reefers! :bum:


Thanks as always,

Joe
 
Last edited:
Re: Zeolites vs. Activated Carbon in Reef Aquaria. Let's talk science.

<a href=showthread.php?s=&postid=9214631#post9214631 target=_blank>Originally posted</a> by JPMagyar ... share reference materials and other relevant information they have found ...
These should get you started ... :lol: ;)



Ion Exchange: The Trading of One Ion for Another
by Timothy A. Hovanec, Ph.D.
http://www.marineland.com/science/articles/21IonExch.asp


Clinoptilolite
by Timothy A. Hovanec, Ph.D.
http://www.marineland.com/science/articles/11Clinoptilolite.asp




Not to be redundant, but ...

In vitro Comparison of Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) and Activated Carbon as
Ammonia Absorbants in Fish Culture

H. Emadi, J.E. Nezhad and H. Pourbagher
The ICLARM Quarterly (Vol. 24, Nos. 1 & 2) January-June 2001
http://www.worldfishcenter.org/naga/Naga24-1&2/pdf/aquabyte 4.pdf

Thanks again, Boomer ! ... :thumbsup:






Ammonia Removal from Saline Wastewater by Ion Exchange
N. Miladinovic, L. R. Weatherley and J. L. López-Ruiz
Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus
Volume 4, Numbers 4-5 / October, 2004
Abstract Link:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/r5g6h2886r5g1h8v/

Studies on phosphorus removal from fresh water and sea water by commercial sorbents
Prof. Dr.-lng. M. Jekel
http://www.rowausa.com/pdf/Rowaphos_Berlin_Test_Report.pdf

Study of NH4+ in the zeolite phillipsite by combined synchrotron powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy.
A. F. Gualtieri
Acta Cryst. (2000). B56, 584-593
Abstract Link:
http://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/2000/04/00/na0099/na0099bdy.html

Cation-Exchange Reactions of Siliceous and Aluminous Phillipsites.
Yashiro Shibue
Clays and Clay Minerals. Vol. 29, No. 5,397-402, 1981.
Full Article:
http://www.clays.org/journal/archive/volume 29/29-5-397.pdf

Culture of the microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri with Zecer-56, a natural zeolitic product
J. L. López-Ruiz, R. García García & M. S. Ferreiro Almeda
Aquaculture Research
Volume 30 Issue 3 Page 199 - March 1999
Abstract Link:
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00310.x/abs/

Mineral Gallery
The Zeolite Group of Minerals
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/zeolites.htm

The Zeolite Mineral Group
http://www.minerals-n-more.com/Zeolite_Group.html

Zeolite Family: Heulandite
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/heulandi/heulandi.htm

The Mineral Clinoptilolite
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/clinopti/clinopti.htm

dmoz Open Directory Project
Business: Mining and Drilling: Mineral Exploration and Extraction: Industrial Minerals
http://dmoz.org/Business/Mining_and_Drilling/Mineral_Exploration_and_Extraction/Industrial_Minerals/

Google Business Directory
Catalysts and Absorbents
http://www.google.com/Top/Business/Chemicals/Catalysts_and_Adsorbents/

zeolyst
http://www.zeolyst.com/

zeolita
http://www.safetysorbzeolita.com/



HTH
:thumbsup:
 
And that's where my questions began. Could zeolites be used to make a cheap new super efficient filter?

Super efficient at doing what? I've never heard anyone complain that bacterial nitrification is a problem in reef aquaria, and that is what the second link is focussed on.
 
Zeolites vs. carbon.

Zeolites vs. carbon.

Hi Randy,
Thanks for joining on and helping me figure out if this is a "wild goose chase". I like others suffer from the occasional bouts of various forms of algae and would love to "reduce my nutrient levels" with a "new" superior biological filtration method. On the one hand I am reading that zeolites can be superior to charcoal in absorption and bacterial cultivation, but then on the other hand I keep reading reference to the fact that zeolites act primarily by virtue of ion exchange and are therefore not suitable for Marine aquaria.

we have successfully developed a nutrient solution to boosting bacteria growth on the zeolite. . . Ultralith is a special kind of Zeolite, specifically chosen to reduce nutrients in reef tanks. But it is not just the Zeolite itself, it is the whole new method to maintain extremely low nutrient levels in marine aquaria.

Deeper inside the mineral grain, heterotrophic bacteria will consume the nitrate that is produced in the outer layer. This process is called denitrification, and occurs in two steps, from nitrate to nitrite, and further to Nitrogen gas. . . Because this process is carried out by heterotrophic bacteria,
they need to be fed with a suitable carbon source such as UltraBak.

Fauna Marin


While at first thought it may seem that one could use clino instead of a biological filter for ammonia control, this is not the case because clino is quickly exhausted and rendered ineffective.
Timothy Hovanec, Ph.D

Zeolitic products were originally used as biological filters. These products are now used in other biological processes such as the transformation of ammoniun ions present in sea water into nitrite and the decomposition of fish feed. . . The base product and the process were cheap. Although the cost of the product has not been calculated, it may be estimated as US$3.35 kg
Research Group on Zeolite Aquaculture, Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos (CASEM), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain


And if I read that last study correctly it seemed to imply that the zeolite tested was cheap and superior at promoting microalgae growth when fed proper nutrients. Does this mean that we can put zeolites in a small container and dramatically increase the biological filtration in our aquariums? Or is it no different than DSBs, plenums, Cryptic Zones, Live Rock, etc in terms of cost, care, setup, efficacy, and size? Is a 1 liter bottle of Zeovit or Ultra-Lith which is fed bacterial food somehow equal to hundreds of lbs of LR?

And perhaps most directly for my personal questioning: Are those beautiful pictures of pastel colored acropora corals real and a result of zeolitic filters, or are they photoshopped snake oil ads? And if the photos are real what's new about this zeolite stuff that's causing the change,? Are they really better filters, or are the colors a result of some leached metal like aluminum entering the systems, or perhaps its the food additions and has nothing to do with increased biological filtration?


Thanks again for helping me think this through!

Joe


P.S. Meso - I can't tell you how much I appreciate the links. I have had immense fun pouring through the articles (even if I did have to pony up a few dollars to get at a couple). By the by, do you have a guess as to the true name of the German zeolites? Is it Clinoptilolite?
 
Looking over my reply I thought of 2 additional items that are underlying my questions. First, I thought most aquariums suffered from progressive build up of nitrate because the available heterotrophic bacteria can not keep up with the production of nitrate. So if zeolites can increase the breakdown of nitrate wouldn't that be worthwhile. (And I ask that in all sincerity with no facetiousness intended what so ever.) Second, there is the question of "bio-films" as presented by Jens Kallmeyer:

There is also another method of nutrient removal working in Zeolite filters. As the bacterial biofilms build up, a lot of nitrogen compounds are actually fixed in the biomass and thereby removed from the water. When the biofilms become too thick and rip off, the skimmer may catch them and thereby remove these biologically fixed nutrients from the water.

Which is news to me, and adds to my desire to see independent research from mainstream aquarists to back up the claims.

Cheers again,

Joe
 
<a href=showthread.php?s=&postid=9220082#post9220082 target=_blank>Originally posted</a> by Randy Holmes-Farley
And that's where my questions began. Could zeolites be used to make a cheap new super efficient filter?

Super efficient at doing what? I've never heard anyone complain that bacterial nitrification is a problem in reef aquaria, and that is what the second link is focussed on.

I agree with Randy here.


The LAST thing we want to do is take nitrate out of our tanks. That throws off the balance between carbon, nitrate and phosphate, and means...less phosphate is uptaken by animals, and more is present in the water.

Most of our reefs are already nitrogen limited, so I dont see the point.
 
If reducing nutrients is the only goal, I'm not sure that one needs anything except driving bacterial growth. While it isn't a method that I prefer, simply adding ethanol (vodka) or other carbon sources may do that as well as the more complex methods involving lots of potions and a substrate.
 
Ah ha.

Ah ha.

While it is of little practical importance for most aquarists to know what species of bacteria process ammonia to nitrite, one situation where that may play a role is in assessing products that claim to accelerate the nitrogen cycle by adding (allegedly) live bacterial cultures.

Randy Holmes-Farley

I may have broadened the scope of my skepticism because my inherent knowledge of filtration and nutrients in aquaria is lacking, but I am glad to see I am not alone . . .;)


Now back to reading your great article!

Joe
 
I agree with Randy here.

The LAST thing we want to do is take nitrate out of our tanks.

Nitrate is an ion that has long dogged aquarists. . . Nitrate is often associated with algae, and indeed the growth of algae is often spurred by excess nutrients, including nitrate. . .For these reasons, most reef aquarists strive to keep nitrate levels down.

Randy Holmes-Farley, Nitrate in the Reef Aquarium

Lowering Nitrate in Aquaria

Remove existing filters designed to facilitate the nitrogen cycle. Such filters do a fine job of processing ammonia to nitrite to nitrate, but do nothing with the nitrate. It is often non-intuitive to many aquarists, but removing such a filter altogether may actually help reduce nitrate. So slowly removing them and allowing more of the nitrogen processing to take place on and in the live rock and sand can be beneficial. It is not that any less nitrate is produced when such a filter is removed, it is a question of what happens to the nitrate after it is produced. When it is produced on the surface of media such as bioballs, it mixes into the entire water column, and then has to find its way, by diffusion, to the places where it may be reduced (inside of live rock and sand, for instance). If it is produced on the surface of live rock or sand, then the local concentration of nitrate is higher there than in the first case above, and it is more likely to diffuse into the rock and sand to be reduced to N2.

Randy Holmes-Farley, Nitrate in the Reef Aquarium

So doesn't that mean that if the claims of the zeolite filter manufacturers are true that autotrophic bacteria reside on the exterior of the zeolites and feed the heterotrophic bacteria which live inside the zeolites then zeolites are a fantastic addition to reef aquaria?

Now I'm really confused . . . :p :confused: :p


Joe
 
So doesn't that mean that if the claims of the zeolite filter manufacturers are true that autotrophic bacteria reside on the exterior of the zeolites and feed the heterotrophic bacteria which live inside the zeolites then zeolites are a fantastic addition to reef aquaria?

Doesn't that sound like live rock?
 
Surface area.

Surface area.

Yes that sounds a lot like live rock, but if the internal surface area is order of magnitudes greater in zeolitic materials versus natural Live Rock then the possibility of superior nitrate removal seems believable, no? And wouldn't it be relatively simple to test the removal of nitrate from comparative systems? And if zeolites could be found comercially for $1 or $2 a pound wouldn't that make for a super cheap nitrate remover?


I have been accused of stubborn headed stupidity in my dogged pursuit of "false gods" before so if I am barking up a dead end I hope you'll forgive me . . . (and of course forgive the awful mixed metaphors :rolleyes: )


Joe
 
Just for the sake of discussion the two products listed below claim to provide the same benefits. These have been around for a longer time and are perhaps a lot less money. Again, it seems to function much the same as live rock (just an artificial type) There are many other similar products made of ceramic, sintered glass, with holes ard other shapes that claim to do the same thing.


http://www.drsfostersmith.com/Product/Prod_Display.cfm?pcatid=4914&N=2004+113804

http://www.drsfostersmith.com/Product/Prod_Display.cfm?pcatid=4180&N=2004+113804
 
Uncle.

Uncle.

o.k. I'll call it a day . . . after reading through Randy's Interesting Zeolite Thread I see this issue has been beaten to death by minds far greater than mine. I will plug away with the Fauna Marin "snake oil" for a few months more just because I am curious and have more money than sense, but I wish we could design some tests to quantify what if anything these German zeolite systems are doing to our tanks.

Anyways, thanks Randy et. al for your patience. I suspected there was a thread out there already I just didn't find it that fast . . .

Viszlat,

Joe
 
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