Really depends on your definition of what a "small fortune" is. You won't find any option under $300 that will do the trick.
a. Get a DSLR. Used is fine. With a DSLR you can adjust white balance very easily with JPEGs. DSLRs take a little learning to develop your skills, but once you do, you can shoot anything. The quality can/should be the best with this option. A decent used can be found for under $400. You can also test the waters on DSLRs by renting them to see if you think it's something you like or not.
b. Get a point and shoot camera. Several come with built in macro capability (for zooming in close) and some even have RAW. Any decent one will have the ability to adjust your white balance. Some of these even have the same chips as their DSLR brothers, just built in lenses with some zoom You can get a decent one from $250-600. The quality should be sufficient and there's not lot you have to learn about photography to use them. Point and shoots can usually take good, high def video at a higher frame rate than most DSLRs.
I have both and use them for diff situations (good glass on a DSLR is heavy). Both have their sweet spots and once you learn how to use either one, they'll both blow away any phone pic. Take a few if you haven't already and browse the photogrpahy section the special interest group forum on this site, this same question has been asked many times over.