Floor Joist Support Help

Interesting, I guess that's just how they did things back then, Iowa and Missouri I've never seen them on the diagonal.

The 100+ year old place I had in South City (Saint Louis) looked almost identical, rock walls and the basement slab was 6" thick. It was the norm to run them diagonally and use hardwood or T&G flooring over the subfloor.
 
The easiest solution is to "sister" each of the existing floor joist with another 2x8 or 2x10 that you have there. The timber you have look like true 2x which is much stronger than the 2x used today as they are actual not nominal in size.
Sister each joist is the method of bolting another joist member to the existing which will increase its deflection strength.
Your dad is a contractor he will know how to sister the joists. Once you sister you shouldn't need the post you have ther as the post really need a solid footing.
The cross bracing is there to stop the twisting of joists.
 
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Well, I'm in an apartment, so I cant nail or drill into anything. So I just wanted to brace the joists. So far so good, been about a week of the tank being full.
 
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