Those polyps you had might have been a Hidden Cup coral. These often hitchhike there way into our tank on live rock sometimes. They're actually a pretty undemanding coral, so if your parameters are in fact ok then it's kind of odd they died. As far as that white stuff goes it's kind of hard to tell from that picture, but it looks like it might be a sponge of some sort. In most cases these are harmless, but there are certain varieties that can end up smothering things. I'm not sure if that's the case here, but definitely keep you eye on them.