It sounds like the Canon EF 50mm f1.4 is probably what I'm looking for. If I go with that one, does it offer any outdoor and zoom capabilities that my current kit lens does not?
A 50mm lens is a fixed zoom length. You cant zoom in and out. Take your 18-55 lens you have now, set it to 50mm and then that is what your 50mm "prime" lens will look like. You cant zoom in and out with a prime, it is FIXED, STUCK, ALWAYS going to be at 50mm.
So no, to answer your question, it will not provide any zoom capabilities over your current lens. In fact, you'll be loosing zoom capability, all the zooming in and out has to be done with your feet
The benefit to a prime is very clear pictures. There are far fewer moving pieces and lenses in most primes, so the tolerances are better and the pictures are sharper. Plus, a 50mm prime that can go to f/1.4 will let in a LOT more light than you current lens. Your current lens can only go to f/3.5, at that's when it is zoomed out all the way to 18mm. At f/1.4, you will be letting in a certain amount of light. At f/2, you're letting in HALF that much light. f/2.8 is HALF of that much light, and then f/4 is HALF that much light. So your lens you have now will only be drawing in about 1/8th as much light as a f/1.4 lens. This allows you to take a LOT brighter pictures inside, which allows you to turn up your shutter speed. This is GREAT for taking pictures of people or anything moving inside.
And just a btw, your current lens at 55mm has to be at f/5.6 or greater, so you're letting in only 1/16th of the light, or 6%, of the light you could be if you were using the 50mm prime.
Outdoor capabilities... nothing gained really by using the 50mm except your pictures should be clearer/sharper just do to being prime quality.
One thing to think of, you probably have the IS version of the 18-55mm, meaning you have image stabilizing. The 50mm prime wont have that, but since you can usually turn up the shutter speed so much more, you dont need that.
Anyway, I went from an EXPENSIVE ($1350) 24-70 L (canon's premier zoom lens in that range) f/2.8 lens, down to a much cheaper ($400) 50mm f/1.4 prime and havent looked back. I like the 50mm so much better. The pictures are great, I can let in more light and it's a much lighter lens. I do miss being able to zoom in and out a little, but the other benefits far outweigh the ability to zoom.
You wont see much difference in weight, but you should see a nice improvement in picture sharpness, definitely an increase in the amount of light you can shoot and therefore the amount of things you can effectively photograph indoors or late at night.
Hope that helps. Also, Canon makes a 50mm f/1.8 for about $100, it takes great pictures. If you want to just spend $100 and try out primes and see if you like it, that's a good lens to try it with.