Depends on the species, nutrition, tank conditions etc. Males have to hit 'puberty' to develop thier pouches. Young seahorses will all look 'female' because they haven't developed thier pouch yet. Just like people some hit puberty early, others are late bloomers. I have a pair of erectus siblings that I got at 7 months. One was clearly a male with a well developed pouch. The other I thought was a female but he developed a pouch about a month later. Other breeds may develop earlier or later. Most I think develop thier pouches somewhere between 5-8 months old.
Most of the tank or pen raised seahorses I've been seeing in my LFS lately are very small (I'm guessing maybe 3-4 months old) and they all look female, though I'm sure some of these are males...just too young to tell.