8-12" above water line for light placement IMHO.
As for why they are not opening, I agree with vietcu in that it is not the light but water flow. You either have too much directly on them or not enough. Zoos don't need tons of light....and most do better deeper in the tank with MH lighting.
Check your water flow and if necessary, move them lower in the tank in an area with good, but not too strong, water flow.