Prior to his death in 2004, I asked Dr. Ed Thalmann the same thing as I was preparing to go into the chamber there at Duke. He had told me that there had never been a "Flying After Diving" study done before, and that there was no data published other than the data gleaned from the study that we were doing.
Naturally, I asked, "Then why do all of the agencies teach '24 hours' as the right amount of time to wait?" At that time (2002-2003), agencies like PADI, NAUI, SSI, YMCA, etc. all had been teaching for decades that a diver should wait 24 hours before diving, which naturally had caused millions of people to miss diving the last day of their vacation for many years.
The Good Doctor then told me that during the early 1960's Jacques Cousteau himself was interviewed by American military personnel who were developing a special ops team that would later be known as Navy SEALS. Since special ops personnel were often injected into a target area via diving yet airlifted out minutes later, there was concern as to the effects of lowering atmospheric pressure (altitude) on a person who is nitrogen-loaded (just been diving). Obviously, this would be an even bigger concern for these individuals than it would be for you, today, since many times they weren't flying in a cabin pressurized to 8,000-10,000 feet.
When pressed, Jacques reportedly said, "I don't know how long someone should wait before flying. We should do some research and find out the answer."
When told to 'venture a guess," he thought about it for a moment and said, "Waiting a day or two before getting into an airplane would probably be a good idea..."
...And the 24-hour myth was born, based on nothing but pure speculation. It was then taught by scuba instructors the world over... The more it was taught, the more the idea became accepted.
The truth is that there has never been a flying after diving study done (and therefore no factual data) until this one was done by Duke from about 2000 to 2005.
The data suggested what most experts already suspected - that flying even immediately after diving would have little, if any, effect on the body... Especially as compared, say, to a rapid ascent from depth.
Duke's official stance is to wait 12 hours, only because the medical industry has a very difficult time admitting it was incorrect and considers going from 24-hour wait times to 0-hour wait times a bit too aggressive. PADI has added that in some cases, six hours more should be added - but again, that's them being conservative. There is no data to support ANY wait time - in fact, the data suggests (as do thousands of cases of military personnel who were airlifted after diving - sometimes still dripping) that no wait time is necessary.