Changing pre and carbons has very little effect if any on final TDS. The name itself should give you an indicatiom, TDS = total dissolved solids. Pre filters trap suspended or large solids and granular carbons only remove chlorine and volatiles like benzene and toluene. Carbon blocks do help with suspendeds.
The membrane is the workhorse of the system and takes care of the dissolved solids.
Yes you need to check your TDS meter against some known good DI or distilled water. Then using a very clean glass check your Tap water, triple rinse with DI, check your RO only, again triple rinse and finally check you RO/DI. Having all those numbers will tell you where your problem lies. A good RO membrane should be rejecting 98% of the tap water TDS, if not you have a bad membrane or a 90% rejection rate nano filter or both.
DI will only last a certain amount of TDS and if you have 28 going in thats not very long. 16 oz of resin will take care of approx. 3000 total TDS so you can figure that one out.