To be honest with you I have not spent anytime studing this toxin. A quick search comes up with this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatoxin
From this link:
Ciguatoxin is a fish poison which causes ciguatera.
There are several types:
PubChem 5311333 - Ciguatoxin 1
PubChem 6441260 - Ciguatoxin 2
PubChem 6444399 - Ciguatoxin 3
PubChem 6450530 - Ciguatoxin 4B
[edit] Toxic Effect Ciguatoxin lowers the threshold for opening voltage-gated sodium channels in synapses of the nervous system. The effect of opening a sodium channel will cause depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of hearing and cold.
Because it does not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), ciguatoxins solely affect the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The major symptoms will develop just a few hours of toxin ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, muscle and joint aches. The symptoms may last from days to weeks or even months depending on each individual situation.
[edit] Bioaccumulation route Produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a type of dinoflagellates and accumulates in big coral reef fish, such as grouper, wrasse, triggerfish, and amberjack. Ciguatoxin usually accumulates in skin, head, viscera and roe of the fish.
Ciguatoxin cannot be destroyed by cooking.[1] Rapid test of this toxin is not standard.
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Another article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera
From it:
CiguateraFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
Ciguatera fish poisoning
Classification and external resources
Chemical structure of the ciguatoxin-CTX1B
ICD-10 T61.0
ICD-9 988.0
DiseasesDB 31122
MedlinePlus 002851
eMedicine emerg/100 ped/403
Ciguatera is a foodborne illness caused by eating certain reef fishes whose flesh is contaminated with toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates such as Gambierdiscus toxicus which lives in tropical and subtropical waters. These dinoflagellates adhere to coral, algae and seaweed, where they are eaten by herbivorous fish who in turn are eaten by larger carnivorous fish. In this way the toxins move up the foodchain and bioaccumulate. Gambierdiscus toxicus is the primary dinoflagellate responsible for the production of a number of similar toxins that cause ciguatera. These toxins include ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, scaritoxin and palytoxin. Predator species near the top of the food chain in tropical and subtropical waters, such as barracudas, snapper, moray eels, parrotfishes, groupers, triggerfishes and amberjacks, are most likely to cause ciguatera poisoning, although many other species cause occasional outbreaks of toxicity. Ciguatoxin is very heat-resistant, so ciguatoxin-laden fish cannot be detoxified by conventional cooking.[1][2]
Researchers suggest that ciguatera outbreaks were caused by cooling climatic conditions propelled the migratory voyages of Polynesians between 1000 and 1400.[3] [4]
Contents [hide]
1 Symptoms
2 Detection methods
2.1 Scientific detection
2.2 Folk detection
2.3 Folk remedies
3 Treatment
4 Epidemiology
5 History
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
[edit] SymptomsHallmark symptoms of ciguatera in Humans include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.[5][6] Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, usually followed by neurological symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, paresthesia, numbness, ataxia, and hallucinations.[1][6] Severe cases of ciguatera can also result in cold allodynia, which is a burning sensation on contact with cold (commonly incorrectly referred to as reversal of hot/cold temperature sensation).[5] Doctors are often at a loss to explain these symptoms and ciguatera poisoning is frequently misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis.[7]
Dyspareunia and other ciguatera symptoms have developed in otherwise healthy males and females following sexual intercourse with partners suffering ciguatera poisoning, signifying that the toxin may be sexually transmitted.[8] Diarrhea and facial rashes have been reported in breastfed infants of poisoned mothers, it is likely that ciguatera toxins migrate into breast milk.[9]
The symptoms can last from weeks to years, and in extreme cases as long as 20 years, often leading to long-term disability.[10] Most people do recover slowly over time.[11] Often patients recover, but symptoms then reappear. Such relapses can be triggered by consumption of nuts, alcohol, fish or fish-containing products, chicken or eggs, or by exposure to fumes such as those of bleach and other chemicals. Exercise is also a possible trigger.[1] Filipino and Chinese people may possibly be more susceptible.[1]
[edit] Detection methods[edit] Scientific detectionCurrently, multiple laboratory methods are available to detect ciguatoxins, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), receptor binding assays (RBA), and neuroblastoma assays (N2A). Although testing is possible, in most cases liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is insufficient to detect clinically relevant concentrations of ciguatoxin in crude extracts of fish.
[edit] Folk detectionIn Northern Australia, where ciguatera is a common problem, two different folk science methods are widely believed to detect whether fish harbor significant ciguatoxin. The first method is that flies will not land on contaminated fish. The second is that cats display symptoms after eating contaminated fish. A third, less common testing method involves putting a silver coin under the scales of the suspect fish. Only if the coin turns black, is it contaminated. It is not known whether any of these tests produce accurate results, although the cat most likely does.
[edit] Folk remediesVarious Caribbean naturopathic and ritualistic treatments originated in Cuba and nearby islands. The most common old-time remedy involves bed rest subsequent to a guanabana juice enema.[citation needed] Other folk treatments range from directly porting and bleeding the gastrointestinal tract to "cleansing" the diseased with a dove during a Santeria ritual[citation needed]. In Puerto Rico, natives drink a tea made from mangrove buttons, purportedly high in B Vitamins, to flush the toxic symptoms from the system[citation needed]. The efficacy of these treatments has never been studied or substantiated.
An account of ciguatera poisoning from a linguistics researcher living on Malakula island, Vanuatu, indicates the local treatment: "We had to go with what local people told us: avoid salt and any seafood. Eat sugary foods. And they gave us a tea made from the roots of ferns growing on tree trunks. I don't know if any of that helped, but after a few weeks, the symptoms faded away."[12]
[edit] TreatmentThere is no effective treatment or antidote for ciguatera poisoning. The mainstay of treatment is supportive care. There is some evidence that calcium channel blocker type drugs such as Nifedipine and Verapamil are effective in treating some of the symptoms that remain after the initial sickness passes, such as poor circulation and shooting pains through the chest. These symptoms are due to the cramping of arterial walls caused by maitotoxin[6][13][14][15] Ciguatoxin lowers the threshold for opening voltage-gated sodium channels in synapses of the nervous system. Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of hearing and cold. Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker.[6] Some medications such as Amitriptyline may reduce some symptoms, such as fatigue and paresthesia,[16] although benefit does not occur in every case.[17] Steroids and vitamin supplements support the body's recovery rather than directly reducing toxin effects.
Mannitol was once used for poisoning after one study reported symptom reversal.[6][18] Followup studies in animals[19] and case reports in humans[20] also found benefit from mannitol. However, a randomized, double-blind clinical trial found no difference between mannitol and normal saline,[21] and based on this result, mannitol is no longer recommended.[5]
[edit] EpidemiologyDue to the limited habitats of ciguatoxin-producing microorganisms, ciguatera is common in only subtropical and tropical waters, particularly the Pacific and Caribbean, and usually is associated with fish caught in tropical reef waters.[5] Ciguatoxin is found in over 400 species of reef fish. Avoiding consumption of all reef fish (any fish living in warm tropical waters) is the only sure way to avoid exposure.[2] Imported fish served in restaurants may contain the toxin and to produce illness which often goes unexplained by physicians unfamiliar with the symptoms of a tropical toxin.[2][22] Ciguatoxin can also occur in farm-raised salmon.[23]
In 2007, ten people in St. Louis, Missouri developed the disease after eating imported fish.[24]
In February 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) traced several outbreaks to the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the northern Gulf of Mexico, near the Texas-Louisiana shoreline. The FDA advised seafood processors that ciguatera poisoning was "reasonably likely" to occur from eating several species of fish caught as far as 50 miles (80 km) from the sanctuary.[25]
[edit] HistoryCiguatera was first described by one of the surgeon's mates, John Anderson, on the crew of HMS Resolution in 1774.[26]
