Some of the things you mention, like how long before adding another fish are really general fish-keeping skills and information, and not easily answered in an email, or even an article. There's a whole lot involved.
I QT for about 10 days, or longer, depending on the fish species, what's in the main aquarium, etc. I don't usually use any medications. Soft bodied fishes like spiny pufferes, faster moving schooling fishes, and a few others have special needs, and are particularly vulnerable. I use ONLY Cupramine copper for "ich" and crypt, and only when a parasitic disease is evident. A copper test kit is a must.
Neomycin is a good general SW medication for bacteria. I have used short ( two minutes) fw dips for fish heavily infested with Crypt, but only after the fw is adjusted for temp and pH, and only when moving the fish from one tank to another. I believe that parasites and pathogens are usually present, but are not a problem until the fish becomes vulnerable. A weakened fish, or one in a tank where another fish is creating a superinfestation because of the enclosed nature of an aquarioum, is at extreme risk. My two QT tank are a 20H and a 29. No sand, no carbonate rock, lots of plastic plants. Most medications stress fish, so I don't medicate unless the fish shows disease problem. Medication is a vast topic on its own.
The fish I sometimes have had probems with were usually from a dealers tank, not the ocean.
Don't collect big fish, and don't collect species that are known ich magnets. A large fish, or one that is an active free swimmer, like most Jacks, is not a suitable aquarium fish in your situation. If you have had disease problems in your aquarium, make sure you strip it down and leave it fishless for at least a couple of months. Better yet, let it dry out, rinse with fresh water, and start again.
Care in capture, making certain you collect only small, suitable specimens of hardy fishes, no crowding on the way home, maintaining a stable temp during transport (and afterward), careful acclimation, and a clean, properly set up tank that provides for the fish's needs, with hiding places, etc., are all necessary. As I said, this is a topic which really is more fish keeping than fish catching, and success requires a good book or two (NOT just the internet) much thought, and patience.