You need to understand the how the settings affect the exposure. To dumb it down, the main settings are:
ISO: Sensitivity of the sensor. You want this number as low as possible. The higher the number, the grainier the image.
Aperture or F-stop: This is how open the lense is. The lower the number, the more open the lens. How it affects your pic is the lower the number, the smaller the depth of field, the larger the number the larger the depth of field. Depth of field refers to how much of the picture is in focus.
Shutter speed: How quickly the shutter opens and closes. The longer its open, the more light reaches the sensor. The shorter the less. The thing is, if your shutter speed is too slow, and you're taking pics of a moving object, you will get motion blur.
The key is balancing the above settings to give you the exposure you're after.
Another consideration is that the more magnification, and the closer you are to the subject, you are naturally working with a decreased depth of field.
I'll let others make specific recommendations, but for coral shots in general:
ISO: For our purposes anything lower than 800 is good, with certain cameras you can go higher
Aperture/F-Stop: Usually 3-8ish depending on what you want. With super close up, you will want to bump that up considerably if you you want the whole picture in focus
Shutterspeed: If you are hand holding, anything over 80-100 is usually OK, if you are real jittery than faster, or if you're like Porko, you can go as low as 40-60, but I can't go that low witout getting blur.
Hope this helps.
Forgot to mention, if this is all a foreign language, just play with the settings until you get what you like. Use the meter in the viewfinder to know what your exposure is. In my experience, you want to slightly underexpose for best pics (slightly dark). I usually aim for -2/3 to -1 on the exposure scale.