I would say it depends highly on the amount of fish in the tank and how you feed. If you're o restocked and/or feed a lot the carbon will get depleted quickly. I've heard of intervals ranging between two weeks and a month. Since carbon is relatively inexpensive it won't hurt if you change it out a little early.
For phosphate, if you have a very accurate test kit (Hanna) test the effluent of the reactor, when it reads above zero you know it has been exhausted. Otherwise you can use algal growth as an indicator, less exact but may work for you.
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