DHCP uses a concept called a "lease" with lease time. All network devices in the world, have a unique numerical identifier called a MAC address. DHCP keeps a MAC address associated with a particular IP address for the lease time and automatically renews the lease time as long as the device is on, so a device always on a network keeps the same IP address. This has made the need for static IP addresses almost nonexistent.
It may also explain why your network capable printer needs to be found as a device in Windows if you keep it turned off except for when you use it infrequently.
If a device like your friend's phone comes to your house and then leaves not to be there again for weeks, the lease time expires and the association between it's network MAC address and an IP address is erased and it will be given a new one from the pool of addresses DHCP uses when it comes again. It may or may not be the same one.
You can look in a router and determine a device's IP address by reading the lease table if you can find the MAC address. It is usually found on the label of a network device.
Static IPs are created by making the number of IP addresses administrated by DHCP less than the number available on the network. This leaves some numbers you can type into an adapter that will stay there, and DHCP will never assign them to anything else or try to use them in any way.
All this network stuff is hard but it isnt. Just detailed. One wrong character in a form and its broke.
You can look at any device on a network like your phone and find the correct answer to all the lines on the form above except the last 1-3 digits of the IP address that will be unique to each device. Once put in manually, it will stay that way until set back to automatic DHCP.
Just an old phone guy that had to fix miles long wires for communication outside and make computers work in a 911 environment and cell towers communicate with the world from the middle of nowhere and set up communication centers if the president visited and let headquarters call Ranger Bob in his jeep in the next county over on the radio from the right tower.
In WV, our work group was like the Seal Team 6 of communications. In a night you could go from one side of the state to the other, making things work that had to. Many 30 hour work days.
Plus large phone system installations of medical and government facilities. An IP phone in China that worked on a phone system in WV for a wood products company.
Which is all fine until your brain throws a rod and cracks the block, so to speak.
Some would not try because in many instances you are personally liable if you cause someone to be harmed by dropping a vital communication.
Not a job for everyone.