You can find high strength H2O2 at hydroponics shops (usually 30%) and at pool stores that carry the "baquacil" products (baqua shock - 27% H2O2).
I doubt that vinegar will do much re: dissolving the rock. Acetic acid is actually a pretty strong acid but vinegar is only 5-7%, which means you will need 5-6x as much as you would muriatic acid (27-30% typ conc). Assuming calcium phosphate (or most other common phosphate salts), you will get phosphoric acid by adding either type of acid above. Thing is, that phosphoric acid will probably just react with the carbonate(Calcium, Mg, Ca-Mg etc). I suspect you'll mostly just move the phosphate around with an acid bath, and release a bunch of hydrogen and CO2.