DIY Sulfur Denitrator

Instead of repeating myself I will spend some time in translating the BADESS section ( BADESS: Biological Autotrophic Denitrification with Elemental Sulphur System.) of the Makazi Baharini wiki where all information can be found concerning de-nitration by using elemental sulfur. The wiki is written in Dutch but we have started translating the BADESS section in English. The wiki is normally only accessible for members but we will open the BADESS section in English for everybody " read only, all rights reserved" as soon as translations are finished. If the guidelines are followed BADESS can close the nitrogen cycle of a closed aquaculture system and nitrate will not be an issue any more.
BADESS opens a door to an other way of reef-keeping by controlling low nitrate levels in a nutrient rich environment.


I do agree with some of your opinions on reactor size and management of sulfur reactors, however, your statement on flow,"Guideline: If the total system volume has to pass the reactor once a day", where you suggest the total system needs to pass the reactor daily seems impossible to me. Ime, imo, and everything I have read suggests that this is impossible. I have over 2 gallons of sulfur and I can barely get 18 gallons through the reactor per day, and only when the DT no3 is at 1ppm or less. When the DT no3 goes higher I processes less water and then do a WC. Most manufactures and literature, I have read, recommends about 20 days to processes the total systems volume, and ime that would give the desired results.
 
My 130 gallon system takes about 400 hours to process through my (2 liters of sulfur) denitrator. This is more than adequate to keep the nitrates on my heavily fed reef tank below the MDL of my test kit.
 
My 130 gallon system takes about 400 hours to process through my (2 liters of sulfur) denitrator. This is more than adequate to keep the nitrates on my heavily fed reef tank below the MDL of my test kit.

seems about right, 16-17 days! imo and ime, a little light on the sulfur, but if it works, great. however, mr. belgian suggests 24 hours, ime, not possible. dt water would just pass throught reactor with very little if any no3 reduction, regardless of 2x more sulfur. in your case, 16X more flow with 2x more sulfur, per mr. belgian? how would this be possible?
 
I have a question. My reactor has been up and running for a week now. But my nitrates are not dropping coming out of it if anything I think it has gone up a little. How long did it take until everyone started to see there's starting to drop?
 
I have a question. My reactor has been up and running for a week now. But my nitrates are not dropping coming out of it if anything I think it has gone up a little. How long did it take until everyone started to see there's starting to drop?

week since set-up, or since 0 no3 in reactor? is dt water flowing through reactor and how much? need more info...
 
week since set-up, or since 0 no3 in reactor? is dt water flowing through reactor and how much? need more info...

Yes it's running off a manifold from my return pump. Yes the reactor has been running for a week today and my nitrates are the same as the DT. I am following the OP and right now I have 1 drop per second. If I remember reading right that I should degas it once a day but as soon as I open up the valve I don't get any gas just water comes out at a steady stream. As of today my NO3 is at 25
 
Or aim I wrong? yes in this case and most of the time.

Your posts 1557, 1558 and 1560 are untrue,misrepresentative and clearly aggressive sarcastic,offensive and arrogant in nature. They warrant no further response and will get none beyond this: My record regarding quality advice ,and open minded discussion, learbing and sharing information vs "mismanagement" or "wrong thinking"on this subject and many others has a clear history familiar to many; there is no need for me to defend it from you.

Folks are free to read the thread and the posts of others or accept your" rules". Personally, I very skeptical about anything you say after having read so much misstated fact and digressions which limit opportunities to discuss things in a reasonable coherent way.
There is enough real information including answers to several of your questions and opinions presented as fact throughout the pages of this thread to give reasonable folks a chance to make informed decisions wetherthey choose to follow your" rules".
You just keep saying the same thing over and over and attacking those who have a different view.experience , idea or onmsoghjt . You just don't know what you don't know and make up inaccurate facts based on opinions on a broad variety of things in an effort to be seen as right rather than having any interest in what is true . Since you represent yourself as some sort of expert it's important to correct those misstatements of facts even though it's tedious and usually met with more misstatements, silent dsimissal and misrepresentations of the poster's position making for a a nasty argument.
There are plenty of folks who run successful aquariums with or without sulfur denitrators; many with less sulfur.
The thread is full of accounts using less. I'd advise folks to skip your posts and simply note your opinion is 2% of water volume for a sulfur amounts with 50ppmor more nitrate or 1% with 49ppm or less with more when nitrate is low . Others disagree and use less with success. Then they might have a chance to gain some information from other posters and to form their own opinions or to engage in some more pithy discussion without the self echoing , misinformation, acrimony and unpleasantness you bring to the discussion. Personally , I've had enough of it.;so stop the personal attacks and try to control yourself.
 
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Yes it's running off a manifold from my return pump. Yes the reactor has been running for a week today and my nitrates are the same as the DT. I am following the OP and right now I have 1 drop per second. If I remember reading right that I should degas it once a day but as soon as I open up the valve I don't get any gas just water comes out at a steady stream. As of today my NO3 is at 25

OK...if you have to degas, i suggest you redesign your reactor so the effluent comes out the very top, this way degas is not needed. N2 simply escapes with the effluent. Is the sulfur reactor recirculating? if yes, i would stop flow completely for maybe a week and test no3 daily inside the reactor. When you reach 0 no3 inside start the flow at as little as possible and slowily increase flow while maintaining 0 no3 effluent, may take a month or longer depending on no3 input level. This is a slow process. however, once seeded you can crank up the effluent, you should hope to process the entire dt every 20 days, give or take, otherwise, your reactor is to small, imo. if your DT no3 is very high you should consider lowering it with waterchanges and then maintain that level with a seeded reactor.
 
I have a question. My reactor has been up and running for a week now. But my nitrates are not dropping coming out of it if anything I think it has gone up a little. How long did it take until everyone started to see there's starting to drop?

It took a few days to cycle, then it dropped my 130 gal tank/sump/refugium from ~20 ppm NO3 to near zero in about two weeks with my small (2 liter Sulfur) denitrator. Like CHSUB said, just start slow, and monitor the effluent. Increase flow rate based on maintaining 0 Nitrate effluent. It will work.

Also, Keep in mind that an intermediate product of the denitrator is Nitrite (this will typically reduce as the unit cycles), Nitrite can show up as a false positive on nitrate tests since the test converts nitrate to nitrite with an acid prior to adding the dye for colorimetric measurement. If you see very large increases in the effluent nitrogen, it is usually a temporary nitrite spike.
 
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I do agree with some of your opinions on reactor size and management of sulfur reactors, however, your statement on flow,"Guideline: If the total system volume has to pass the reactor once a day", where you suggest the total system needs to pass the reactor daily seems impossible to me. Ime, imo, and everything I have read suggests that this is impossible. I have over 2 gallons of sulfur and I can barely get 18 gallons through the reactor per day, and only when the DT no3 is at 1ppm or less. When the DT no3 goes higher I processes less water and then do a WC. Most manufactures and literature, I have read, recommends about 20 days to processes the total systems volume, and ime that would give the desired results.

It is very simple: if your daily nitrate production is 0.5ppm each day and the nitrate level to maintain is 1ppm, the total system volume has to pass the reactor every 2 days, otherwise the reactor will not be able to remove 0.5ppm daily. If the nitrate level to maintain is 0.5ppm the total system volume has to pass the reactor daily! How the reactor will remove the quantity of nitrate when it is not entered? How can a sulfurreactor maintain a low nitrate level when there is not enough water containing nitrate entered to remove the production?; In 20 day's? Than one has a very low daily nitrate production. To maintain 1ppm with a flow of the total volume/ 20 days the maximum nitrate production daily can be only 0.05ppm/day which means that after 100 days your level will build up to 6 ppm when no denitrator is used. Why using a denitrator? If you want to maintain 0.5ppm the daily production can be only 0.025ppm on a 20 day basis. One does not need a sulpur-denitrator for nutriënt poor systems!! But it will reduce nitrate.
Using 1% reactor flow will be +- 4.2l/h/ liter sulfur to pass the total volume daily. A flow between 2l/h/ liter S and 5l/h/lS is normal flow when operating a correct sized sulfurdenitrator for a natural reefaquarium system.

Why do you process less water when the level increases? The level increases because the daily production is not removed. Maybe there is not enough space to increase the flow. Is this a 1% reactor?
 
Or aim I wrong? yes in this case and most of the time.

Your posts 1557, 1558 and 1560 are untrue,misrepresentative and clearly aggressive sarcastic,offensive and arrogant in nature. They warrant no further response and will get none beyond this: My record regarding quality advice ,and open minded discussion, learbing and sharing information vs "mismanagement" or "wrong thinking"on this subject and many others has a clear history familiar to many; there is no need for me to defend it from you.

Folks are free to read the thread and the posts of others or accept your" rules". Personally, I very skeptical about anything you say after having read so much misstated fact and digressions which limit opportunities to discuss things in a reasonable coherent way.
There is enough real information including answers to several of your questions and opinions presented as fact throughout the pages of this thread to give reasonable folks a chance to make informed decisions wetherthey choose to follow your" rules".
You just keep saying the same thing over and over and attacking those who have a different view.experience , idea or onmsoghjt . You just don't know what you don't know and make up inaccurate facts based on opinions on a broad variety of things in an effort to be seen as right rather than having any interest in what is true . Since you represent yourself as some sort of expert it's important to correct those misstatements of facts even though it's tedious and usually met with more misstatements, silent dsimissal and misrepresentations of the poster's position making for a a nasty argument.
There are plenty of folks who run successful aquariums with or without sulfur denitrators; many with less sulfur.
The thread is full of accounts using less. I'd advise folks to skip your posts and simply note your opinion is 2% of water volume for a sulfur amounts with 50ppmor more nitrate or 1% with 49ppm or less with more when nitrate is low . Others disagree and use less with success. Then they might have a chance to gain some information from other posters and to form their own opinions or to engage in some more pithy discussion without the self echoing , misinformation, acrimony and unpleasantness you bring to the discussion. Personally , I've had enough of it.;so stop the personal attacks and try to control yourself.

Yes they do!!
 
Or aim I wrong? yes in this case and most of the time.

Your posts 1557, 1558 and 1560 are untrue,misrepresentative and clearly aggressive sarcastic,offensive and arrogant in nature. They warrant no further response and will get none beyond this: My record regarding quality advice ,and open minded discussion, learbing and sharing information vs "mismanagement" or "wrong thinking"on this subject and many others has a clear history familiar to many; there is no need for me to defend it from you.

Folks are free to read the thread and the posts of others or accept your" rules". Personally, I very skeptical about anything you say after having read so much misstated fact and digressions which limit opportunities to discuss things in a reasonable coherent way.
There is enough real information including answers to several of your questions and opinions presented as fact throughout the pages of this thread to give reasonable folks a chance to make informed decisions wetherthey choose to follow your" rules".
You just keep saying the same thing over and over and attacking those who have a different view.experience , idea or onmsoghjt . You just don't know what you don't know and make up inaccurate facts based on opinions on a broad variety of things in an effort to be seen as right rather than having any interest in what is true . Since you represent yourself as some sort of expert it's important to correct those misstatements of facts even though it's tedious and usually met with more misstatements, silent dsimissal and misrepresentations of the poster's position making for a a nasty argument.
There are plenty of folks who run successful aquariums with or without sulfur denitrators; many with less sulfur.
The thread is full of accounts using less. I'd advise folks to skip your posts and simply note your opinion is 2% of water volume for a sulfur amounts with 50ppmor more nitrate or 1% with 49ppm or less with more when nitrate is low . Others disagree and use less with success. Then they might have a chance to gain some information from other posters and to form their own opinions or to engage in some more pithy discussion without the self echoing , misinformation, acrimony and unpleasantness you bring to the discussion. Personally , I've had enough of it.;so stop the personal attacks and try to control yourself.

Hopefully they do!

One can not remove what is not entered. To maintain very low nitrate levels at high daily nitrate productions a lot of water has to pass the reactor to be able to remove the produced quantity of nitrate daily. So big reactors are needed to remove the huge quantity of oxygen entered in the reactor. And you are wright, the volume depends of the nitrate level of the system, but it is only one of the parameters. Less nitrate in the water means more flow to be able to remove the same quantity of nitrate daily and a bigger volume of water has to pas the reactor daily. Please tell me If I am wrong!
How are you going to remove the same quantity of nitrate daily following your advise to use less sulfur when the desired nitrate level is reached? Please explain!

What is success? That it works? That the reactor removes a little bit of nitrate?

With any quantity of sulfur one can reduce nitrate, only enough sulfur gives the possibility for having full control over the nitrate level.
How many nitrate does one expect to remove at a flow rate of 2 drops a second at a nitrate level of 0.5ppm?
A sulphur denitrator is used to be able to keep nutrient dependable animals, corals and invertebrates and not have to worry about the nitrate level. A sulphur denitrator can make a big difference when used and sized correctly.
Why use it only to reduce a little bit of nitrate when a BADESS is able to close the nitrogen-cycle completely?
When the easy general rule to use a 1% reactor when not more than the total volume of system water has to pass the reactor daily is followed one will have a very good, maintenance free, reliable denitration system that does not need a lot of attention. Used as part of the system one may forget it is there while controlling the nitrogen-cycle?. And no, I am not exaggerating. If more than the total systems volume has to pass the reactor use a 2% reactor. Doubling the volume makes it possible to have a good working reactor that removes high daily productions at very low nitrate levels.
Nobody has to follow this advice but those who will try it will have the same experience as we have for many years now. An easy manageable, problem free system ?
Try it out and see the difference!!
Not advisable for nutrient poor systems.
 
On a lighter note. I just came home and my house smells like a hundred elephants farted simultaneously in it. My wife is none too happy. Turns out my denitrator was clogged for a bit and I just unclogged it. Nice H2S plume. LOL...
 
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On a lighter note. I just came home and my house smells like a hundred elephants farted simultaneously in it. My wife is none too happy. Turns out my denitrator was clogged for a bit and I just unclogged it. Nice H2S plume. LOL...

That is why the advice is to use moving bed reactors.
Moving bed means that the sulfur base moves a little bit but the sulfur beats may not swirl around.
A little pump,installed with a closed loop for easy flow regulation, will prevent clogging of the reactor.
 
My 130 gallon system takes about 400 hours to process through my (2 liters of sulfur) denitrator. This is more than adequate to keep the nitrates on my heavily fed reef tank below the MDL of my test kit.

Below test kit must be below 0.5ppm
400h for a 500l systems means that 1.25l/h is processed.
At a nitrate level of let's say between 0.2ppm and 0.4ppm this means the the daily production of nitrate that is removed may be estimated to be between 6 to 12 mg daily,lets say 9mg (0.3ppm x 1.25l/h x24h) or +- 0.018ppm ( 500l)
Even as the system is heavily fed the aquarium system is in balance, also without a denitrator. It will take +-100 days for nitrates to build up to 2ppm when the denitrator is removed.
As flow is low this 2l reactor has to much anaerobic space available for the small quantity of nitrate processed. The risk for sulphate reduction is present. Flow has to be increased to bring the reactor in balance with the small quantity of nitrate processed to eliminate the risk for sulphate reduction.
For a BADESS to work well it needs enough nitrate to process daily. Otherwise it can and will not produce calcium and compensate for alkalinity.
 
That is why the advice is to use moving bed reactors.
Moving bed means that the sulfur base moves a little bit but the sulfur beats may not swirl around.
A little pump,installed with a closed loop for easy flow regulation, will prevent clogging of the reactor.

An other possibility may be that not enough nitrate was available for processing for the anaerobic space available (not enough flow) and instead of reducing nitrate, sulphate was reduced to H2S. Bringing the reactor in balance is not easy when nitrate is below test kit. At low( unknown)nitrate levels a flow of minimal 2l/h/l sulfur brings in enough oxygen to limit the anaerobic space avoiding the risk for sulphate reduction. if nitrate level increases one can correct the flow.
 
That is why the advice is to use moving bed reactors.
Moving bed means that the sulfur base moves a little bit but the sulfur beats may not swirl around.
A little pump,installed with a closed loop for easy flow regulation, will prevent clogging of the reactor.

Mine is a recirculating type. It was a valve in the inlet feed line that was blocked, so the same water recirculated in the unit for several hours.
 
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